Lubrication Fundamentals (2025)

Automotive Lubricants and Testing

Automotive Lubricants and Testing, 2012

Study on lubricant quality and its effect on engine component performance

Industrial Lubrication and Tribology, 2008

PurposeThis paper aims to determine the usage time of the test lubricant N0, prepared from base oils of Aliaga Plant, Izmir, in gasoline and diesel‐engines, and the investigations of high‐temperature oxidation, engine‐protective properties, and property changes of the lubricant in performance time.Design/methodology/approachPhysical and chemical properties of the lubricating oil were initially established, and the oil was then subjected to Petter W‐1 gasoline and Petter AV‐1 diesel test engines. Dismantling of the engine parts was followed by the examination of pistons, piston rings and bearings, and analysis of the lubricant was also undertaken. The engine performance test results and the quality control of the lubricating oil assessments were evaluated according to the International Engine Lubricant Specifications.FindingsThe lubricating oil, under sluggish experimental conditions, appears to meet a 40‐hour test in gasoline engines and a 120‐hour test in diesel engines with the sp...

Role of Lubricants in Industry: A Review

Journal of ISAS, 2023

Lubricants are available in our daily lives for functioning as coolants, to dissipate heat and lubricate different surfaces which can be either in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. It reduces friction by the formation of thin film between two surfaces in contact and by improving efficiency and reducing wear. For any system to work efficiently and effectively appropriate lubricant is needed. Fresh lubricating oil needs to meet specifications of Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Applying lubricant regularly on tool increases life on usage and durability but a situation comes when the oil starts degrading may be due to depletion of additives or tool break down. Degraded oil is tested by using different physicochemical properties and also by employing different sophisticated analytical techniques like infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography (GC), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICPAES), etc. In this article, we shall discuss some basics of lubricat...

Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants

2010

The source, composition and suitability of crude oils for base oil production are reviewed. The physical and chemical properties of alkanes, naphthenes and aromatics and their characteristics for lubricant applications are examined. Properties and applications of various base oils are defined and specified. Production of conventional mineral oils is described, including the various processes to remove wax and other deleterious substances, followed by increasingly severe hydrogenation to produce base oils of increased quality and performance. The API categorization of mineral base oils, either direct from the refinery or after hydrotreatment of increasing severity, is described, together with sub-categories.

A review: Oils, greases, lubricants, additives with superior properties

Journal of Research in Chemistry , 2025

The history of biodegradable lubricants has been presented in a series of articles, works and patents. A lubricating oil with good friction properties contains a lubricating oil and at least one additive, which has friction reducing properties, which is a block copolymer containing hydrophobic segments and polar segments. A complex composition of polymers used for the production of greases is reported by Lubrizol company researchers. Additives for lubricating oils with the ability to improve the viscosity index and shear stability were proposed by Mitsui. The creation of lubricating fluids with increased energy efficiency and high durability is the subject of a patent by the company Exxon Mobil.

Modern Automotive Gear Oils - Classification, Characteristics, Market Analysis, and Some Aspects of Lubrication

New Trends and Developments in Automotive Industry, 2011

Lubricating Aspects of Automotive Fuels

InTech eBooks, 2012

Chemistry and Technology of Lubricant

To meet enhanced lubricant performance and service interval life, base oils are already moving upwards, away from Gp.I towards the more highly treated and refined mineral base oils of Gps.II and III and also the synthetic base oils of PAOs and esters. Their relative costs and benefits will determine the base oil mix, Chapters 1 and 2. Additives have two apparent counteracting pressures. The demands for improved lubricant performance can mean more sophisticated additives, Chapters 3-7, in more complex formulations, Chapters 8-14. On the other hand, there is the pressure of the 'REACH' chemicals assessment program in the EU, paralleled elsewhere by a general direction to reduce chemical eco-toxicity on consumer products, for no business wishes to have warning cryptograms of dead fish and dying trees on its products! To meet these requirements, the 'CHON' philosophy for additives is being explored, where lubricant additives will only contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. This excludes metals such as zinc and molybdenum and the non-metals sulphur and phosphorus because of their environmental effects.This will be a stringent test of research and development. Finally, at the end of their useful life, lubricants will be regarded as a valuable resource and re-refined/recycled into new lubricant products and fuels. Acceptance of recycled base stocks into new lubricant formulations will take time and require rigorous quality testing but will, and must, inevitably happen.

Final Report for U.S. Department of Energy Fuels Lubricants Project on Lubricant Technology - Innovation, Discovery, Design, and Engineering

Overview of oxidation laboratory tests on industrial lubricants

2017

An Evaluation of the Performance of Solid Lubricants

The performance of solids lubricants was evaluated for different materials, mixed to simple grease at 3 wt. %. The first material was commercial graphite. The second one was a graphitic material having special properties, that under intense load becomes electromagnetic , develops a film like diamond on the surfaces. The third one was Al 2 O 3 and finally It was studi ed a special lubricant, CIL ("Composto Intermetálico Lubrificante"), manufactured in cooperation between author and collaborators from UFSC (Federal University of Santa Catarina). The tests were performed in a four-ball machine and it was studied anti-wear property and EP activity of the solid additives. CIL showed best properties and can be used to increase reliability and decreasing maintenance costs.

Testing Engine Oil Specifications and Properties and its Effects on the Engines Maintenance and Performance

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON FLUID MECHANICS

This paper presents the results of practical mechanical tests of motor oils, their specifications and characteristics and the effect of their physical and chemical properties on the performance of the engine. The performance of the engine has a strong relation with the engine oil type and efficiency. The degree of stability of oils properties is very important because if oil or lubricants lose their properties, mechanical and chemical excessive corrosion of the motor metals may occur. Consequently, damage occurs to one or more parts of the engine, thereby the system is breaking down where the cost of downtime is too expensive. It has been found that a higher viscosity value is not the optimum as it increases temperature and energy consumption due to frictional losses. The values required for viscosity is the ideals that gives the stable results regardless temperature variations under any conditions of operation, at which the power losses are minimal and the fuel economy is optimal.

A Study of Enhancement of the Properties of Lubricant Oil

American Journal of Chemistry, 2014

The aim of this study is to make enhancements on the lubricant oil properties because of its importance in the industry, many methods can enhance the lubricant oil, in this study additive was used at different temperatures to observe effects on the properties of lubricating oil. Three types of stocks were used from Al-Doura oil refinery/Iraq, (40, 60,150)℃, and the experiments were carried out in the chemical and petrochemical engineering department. At conditions atmospheric pressure and temperature range between (20-80)℃. Additive (isobutylene 3%) was used to enhance the efficiency of lubricant oil density and the thermal expansion. Experiment was done on a stock 40 with and without additive to measure its thermal expansion at different temperatures and the other stocks in the same procedures. We concluded that the increasing in temperature cause to decreasing the density of stocks, but with additive the increasing was higher than that without additive. The thermal expansion was increased with increasing temperature, but its increasing with additive was of higher percentage than that without additive.

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON LUBRICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Powerplant Lubricant Selection for Improved Efficiency and Environmental Impact Reduction

Volume 5: Energy Systems Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability; NanoEngineering for Energy; Engineering to Address Climate Change, Parts A and B, 2010

Computational models were used to optimize bearing performance by adjusting a number of lubricant properties. This computational optimization showed that the most beneficial characteristics to hydrodynamic bearing operation were high viscosity index (VI) and high specific heat capacity. Four environmentally adapted synthetic lubricants were developed to provide these characteristics including: ISO VG32 with 259 VI, ISO VG22 with 245 VI, ISO VG22 with 336 VI, and ISO VG15 with 226 VI. A full scale bearing test machine was then operated with these lubricants in addition to mineral based turbine oils, ISO VG68 with 103 VI and ISO VG32 with 105 VI, to determine the effect on bearing performance and to validate the models. The new lubricants reduced bearing power loss by up to 20% and significantly reduced bearing temperatures with somewhat reduced film thickness. The machine was then operated to provide equivalent minimum viscosity with the new lubricants by varying inlet temperature, finding that changes in power loss were less substantial with equivalent minimum viscosity. Comparison of simulated and experimental results led to development of a simple, practical method to estimate benefits and operational parameters for lubricants based on viscosity grade, viscosity index and a simplified description of the ma-* Address all correspondence to this author. chine's bearings. Other, less tangible, factors considered are bio-degradeability and impact of power loss reduction.

GUIDELINES FOR THE LUBRICATION OF MEDIUM SPEED DIESEL ENGINES 2 nd UPDATED VERSION 2008 The International Council on Combustion Engines Conseil International des Machines à Combustion

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Influence of gasoline engine lubricant on tribological performance, fuel economy and emissions

… economy and emissions, London, 11-12 …, 2007

The requirement for increased performance, improved fuel economy and reduced emissions is constantly sustaining the demand for research into combustion, fuels and lubricants. Due to the nature of the operation of an engine and the current market climate the lubricant not only has to respond to these requirements, but also to changes in engine design, fuelling methods and fuel types, increased power densities and developments in emissions formation and after-treatment. This paper will describe advances made at the authors' institution to elucidate the influence of gasoline engine lubricant on tribological performance, fuel economy and emissions, giving examples of work undertaken and then look to future possible lubricant demands.

Experimental Investigation on Usage of Oilseed Cakes and Liquid Oil in Standard Lubricant to Improve the Performance of CI Engines

As we all appreciate that, globally CI engines run on petroleum products in general. The exhaust emitted due to burning of such fossil fuels greatly damage our environment. Therefore it is high time to think over and to act towards sustainable use of our natural resources such as petroleum products. Lubricants in practice now-adays used as additive to the base fuel are all of petroleum origins. It is important to explore the satisfactory uses of such lubricants which are derived from renewable resources. Therefore the exploration towards use of alternative additives such as vegetable oil and oil cakes become very important towards saving our environment for our future generation. Vegetable oils and oil cakes are easily degradable since they are of organic nature. They are also non-conventional as they can be replenished by nature. Mechanical performances of C. I. engines resulting from the use of biolubricants is explored in the present investigation. For this purpose suitable admixture obtained from oilseeds were used. The experiments have been conducted with a mixture of palm oil, oil cakes into the base mineral oil, at different compositions. The selection of admixtures were made by performing kinetic rate study to know the equilibrium contact time which was found to be 1.5 hours in the present study. Blends of oilseed cake with palm oil in different compositions were added to base SAE 20W40 mineral oil to obtain different lubricant blends. The parameters evaluated include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency etc. The engine performance studies were carried out on a C.I. single cylinder, water cooled, 4-stroke engine. Compared to the use of mineral oil alone as lubricant, the Oilseed cake and palm oil-based, laboratory prepared lubricant revealed superior properties and offered appreciable expedience on engine. The several illustrative graphs plotted during the investigation supports our above findings.

Lubricants for Mechanical Equipments and Innovation in the Sector

2020

Lubricants are substances placed between two movable surfaces or a fixed and a movable one, forming a protective film whose main function is to reduce friction, wear, temperature and sealing of machine and motor components, and may also be a force transmission agent And movement. Therefore the objective of this work is to contribute to the construction of materials on the subject, aiming to analyze the types of lubricants, their characteristics, as well as the innovation in the sector. Thus, the applied methodology is mainly a literature review followed by an analysis. It should be noted that each type of lubricant is important for different types of equipment but is not yet in the state of the art and new technologies such as liquid crystal must be developed, which is highly efficient but still has a very high cost.

Determination of low-temperature properties oflubricating greases

Nafta-Gaz, 2018

The article presents the results of laboratory tests of low-temperature properties of lithium complex greases produced on base oils, characterized by a different chemical structure. Low-temperature properties of lubricating greases were determined according to the following test methods: • low-temperature cone penetration-PN-ISO 13737, • flow pressure-DIN 51805-2, • apparent viscosity-PN-C-04146. It was found that the low-temperature properties of lubricating greases can be modified by introducing oils with a different chemical structure into the oil base. The lowest temperature of application of the tested lithium complex greases was determined.